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This paper is devoted to treasure found in 1968. The hoard in “a large jug”, consisting of three silver rhyta, a silver goblet and a fifth, now missing object, was found during construction works at the foothill of the Erebuni citadel. The silver vessels were preserved in a jug in a flattened condition. Every piece of the Treasure is discussed in detail. Descriptions of the vessels are provided in a catalogue section. The vessels from the Erebuni Treasure are items, which were probably manufactured at various times and in different workshops, which nevertheless can be located with a greater or lesser degree of certainty in the territory of Anatolia. Our analysis shows that there are no grounds for a narrow dating of the vessels. The rhyta with the horse protome and the unique piece with a horse-and-rider protome (Cat. 1–2) belong to a rather wide time span from the second half of the 5th to the middle (third quarter) of the 4th century BC. Parallels for the goblet with a hole in the base (Cat. 4) date from a period between the late 5th/early 4th century to the first half of the 4th century BC and probably indicate that the goblet from the Erebuni Treasure also belongs to this period. A partly gilded rhyton in the form of a head of a young bull is decorated with a frieze on the neck, representing four figures, executed in relief (cat. 3). The combination of the elements in the composition, typical for the scenes of a symposion with references to Greek art, and elements and gestures adopted from the works of the „Graeco-Persian“ style, makes it possible to suggest that it was manufactured in one of the peripheral workshops of Asia Minor, in the contact zone of the Greek and Achaemenid civilizations. The dating of the assemblages using with the finds of silver rhyta of the type discussed within the time-frame of the late 5th/early 4th to the middle of the 4th century BC and the iconographic parallels for the images in the frieze of the Erebuni rhyton allow us to date it no later than the middle or the third quarter of the 4th century BC. V.N. Aralekyan, the first publisher of the Erebuni Treasure, had already suggested, that it could have been hidden either as a result of the threat of an enemy incursion, or at the time of the collapse of Achaemenid supremacy over Armenia in the late 330s BC, but the second option appeared more plausible to him. Ž. Hačatrian and A. Markarian, followed by D. Stronach, put forward the idea that the Treasure was hidden no earlier than the beginning of the 3rd century BC. Yet the latter dating of the complex is based solely on the date of the rhyton in the form of a head of a young bull (Cat. 3), which had not been substantiated by the scholars. The results of our analysis do not contradict the suggestion that the Treasure was possibly hidden in ca. 330 BC, thus assigning it a date more or less the same as that of the hoard from Pasargadae, which was also hidden in a clay vessel and most probably, like the Erebuni Treasure, coincided with the fall of the Achaemenid Empire.
2010 •
Some recent studies devoted to the history of the Kingdom of Bosporus advance a thesis about the political independence of the early Bosporan Kingdom from the Achaemenid Empire, primarily based on the passage by Diodoros about the rule of Archaenactidae, placed in the chapter devoted to events in Asia.1 Yet it has been argued that the passage in Diodoros about the events of 438 in Cimmerian Bosporus gives no direct proof of any prior independence from the Achaemenids.2 A range of material has been presented as indirect evidence for contacts between the Achaemenid Empire and the north Pontic area and the concomitant influence on the historical development of that region:3 the Achaemenid seals found in Bosporus,4 the impression of an Achaemenid seal on a clay weight from Olbia,5 the supposed connection between the Bosporan and Persian weight systems, the parallels between some coin emblems of the Bosporus and Olbia and Achaemenid symbols,6 not to mention the distribution of Iranian na...
A gallery of 5th cent. BCE rhytons are presented. The Indus Script hieoglyphs and rebus Meluhha renderings are: tāmarasa 'lotus' rebus: tāmra 'copper' melh,mr̤eka 'goat or antelope' rebus: milakkhu, mleccha 'copper' śyena 'eagle' aśani 'thunderbolt' rebus: āhangar 'blacksmith' kola 'tiger' rebus: kol 'working in iron'; kolhe 'smelter'. Winged, horned lion: kambha 'wing' rebus: kammaṭa 'mint, coiner, coinage' ṭhaṭera 'buffalo horns' Rebus ṭhaṭerā 'brass workers'; koḍ 'whorns' rebus: koḍ 'workshop' (G.) The lion signifies siṁhá m. ʻ lion ʼ, siṁhīˊ -- f. RV.Pa. sīha -- m. ʻ lion ʼ, sīhī -- f., Dhp. siha m., Pk. siṁha -- , siṁgha -- , sīha -- m., sīhī -- f.; Wg. sī ʻ tiger ʼ; K. sah, süh m. ʻ tiger, leopard ʼ; P. sī˜h, sihã̄ m. ʻ lion ʼ, bhaṭ. sīh ʻ leopard ʼ; WPah.khaś. sīˋ ʻ leopard ʼ, cur. jaun. sīh ʻ lion ʼ; Ku. syū̃, syū ʻ tiger ʼ; Mth. sī˜h ʻ lion ʼ, H. sī˜gh, sīh m., OG. sīha m.; -- Si. sī, siha ← Pa. -- L. śĩh, khet. śī ʻ tiger ʼ with ś -- from Pers. lw. śer ʻ tiger ʼ. -- Pa. sīhinī<-> f. ʻ lioness ʼ; K. sīmiñ f. ʻ tigress, leopard ʼ; P. sīhaṇī f. ʻ tigress ʼ; WPah.bhal. se_hiṇi f. ʻ leopard withcubs ʼ, jaun. sī˜haṇ ʻ tigress ʼ; H. sĩghnī f. ʻ lioness ʼ. Addenda: siṁhá -- : WPah.kṭg. sīˊ m. ʻ lion, leopard, brave man ʼ, sĩˊəṇ, sī˜ṇ (with high level tone) f. ʻ lioness ʼ (also sī˜ṇ Him.I 214 misprint with i?).(CDIAL 13384) Rebus: சிங்கச்சுவணம் ciṅka-c-cuvaṇam , n. prob. siṃhala + svarṇa. A kind of superior gold; ஒருவகை உயர்தரப் பொன். தீதுதீர் சிறப்பிற் சிங்கச் சுவணமென் றோசைபோகிய வொண்பொன் (பெருங். வத்தவ. 11, 23). Pesian Achaemenid rhyton (drinking vessel or vessel for pouring libations) made of lapis lazuli and gold. 6th-5th century BCE. Height: 8.13 in. (20.65 cm); Length: 6.25 in. (15.88 cm); Diameter of rim: 4.88 in. (12.40 cm); Height of ram protome: 4.69 in. (11.9 cm); Width of ram's horns: 2.87 in. (7.3 cm) Rhyton terminating in the forepart of a ram ca. 5th century B.C. Achaemenid This silver vessel is called a ‘rhyton’ (from the Greek rheo, meaning ‘flow through’) by scholars because it has a spout at the bottom. Like many rhyta, it consists of a horn-shaped beaker and a hollow sculptural element, in this case in the form of the foreparts of a kneeling ram or ibex. The ibex has curved horns, pointed ears, heavy brows, a narrow snout and a chin beard. Rows of spiral curls on its chest and back indicate hair or possibly fleece. The animal’s hindquarters are depicted in row relief on the beaker itself, with its hind legs running straight up the side. A feather is engraved on each of the ibex’s flanks, perhaps suggesting wings. The beaker is decorated with horizontal fluting. Below the outturned rim is a repeating pattern of engraved lotuses and palmettes, separated from the fluting by a guilloche border. The two parts of the rhyton are now joined by an acrylic ring and it is not certain that both parts were originally part of the same vessel. Rhyta originated in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, combining the older Near Eastern traditions of animal-headed beakers and Iranian traditions of animal-shaped vessels. They were used at royal banquets, where the Persian king displayed his wealth and power, and the ability to drink skillfully from a rhyton marked one as a member of the elite who were invited to such banquets. Rhyta were thus symbols of high status. Though many Achaemenid rhyta feature mythical or composite creatures, this one has ibex, a distinctly Iranian motif, because ibexes are native to the Zagros Mountains of western Iran, but did not live, for example, on the plains of Mesopotamia. Rhyton terminating in the forepart of a ram | Achaemenid | Achaemenid | The Metropolitan Museum of Art (metmuseum.org) Achaemenid Silver Rhyton with Horned Lion Protome, 5th-4th century B.C.E. Silver with vitreous paste inlay, H. 17.5 cm. © Miho Museum The rhyton with an animal protome-a horn for liquids to which the depiction of the forepart of an animal was attached, at a right angle-was a vessel form that came more widely into use in the Near East during the Achaemenid period (about 538-331 B.C.). The protome of this rhyton depicts the forequarters of a fantastic hybrid creature, a leonine beast with curved blunt horns and upright ears, probably meant to represent a wingless lion-griffin. It is shown with open mouth and wrinkled muzzle, snarling, its foreleg muscles tense and claws extended. The body of the beaker is horizontally fluted in typical Achaemenid style. A finely worked chevron ribbing covers the horns of the animal. Raised double-lobed motives define the creature's haunches. Its neck and chest are engraved with an overlapping featherlike pattern. On the neck this pattern has a narrow pointed rib in the center of each individual segment; whereas on the chest the segments are empty. This extraordinary vessel may be compared with a similar Achaemenid-period silver-gilt rhyton with a griffin protome found in Erzingan, Armenia, and now in the British Museum.1 Several other silver vessel and objects of luxury from the same period found at this site are also in the British Museum's collection, and it is possible that these were the property of a wealthy satrapal court. Other Achaemenid silver objects that accompanied the horned-lion rhyton and are now in the Shumei collection include a rhyton with a calf-protome, two lobed libation bowls, a lidded flask, a ladle with lion ornaments, and a large lobed bowl. The last named bears inscriptions in Old Persian and Late Babylonian which state that it was made for King Artaxerxes. This might refer to any one of three Achaemenid rulers known by that name who reigned in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. The horned-lion fits well within the tradition of Achaemenid style in sculpture. Its snarling face recalls similar beasts on protome capitals and reliefs at Persepolis; and the double lobed B-shaped patterns on its haunches are likewise found on relief friezes of striding lions in the Hall of a Hundred Columns at the same site.2 At Achaemenid Susa, lions with double-lobed muscle patterns and winged lion-griffins are depicted in glazed brick reliefs; and horned-lion heads are repeated on glazed tile designs.3 Details of the Shumei horned-lion rhyton present us with numerous parallels in Achaemenid decorative arts as well. A magnificent gold rhyton in the Iran Bastan Museum in Teheran has a horizontally fluted beaker fitted to a protome of a snarling lion with large, elegantly curved, separately attached wings.4 A gold rhyton in the Metropolitan Museum of Art has as its protome a similar leonine creature with a crested mane and small engraved wings emanating from B-shaped muscle outlines on its haunches.5 The ibex protome on a silver rhyton also in the Metropolitan Museum has a ribbed pattern on its horns similar to that of our horned-lion.6 One unusual feature of this Shumei rhyton is the elaborately made circular inlay on the lion's brow. If meant as a significant emblem, it may suggest an eastern provenance for the vessel. We find the urna, an auspicious mark, on the brows of both Buddhist and non-Buddhist deities in the imagery of the Kushan Empire, which encompassed Afghanistan in the first three centuries A.D. It is possible that this symbol was already known and utilized in an eastern Iranian environment during the Achaemenid era.7 Although the horned-lion has an animal not a human form, it must have represented a powerful supernatural entity. The most dramatic scenes found at Persepolis show royal figures stabbing an array of rampant, attacking hybrid beasts, a winged lion-griffin among them.8 A similar motif appears on the decoration of an Achaemenid silver bowl in the Museum's collection (fig. 1). It would appear that such fantastic creatures could serve as powerful protectors in some instances, and at other times personify dangerous adversaries of the king. This vessel was created by hammering, engraving, soldering and riveting together its separately made parts. The upright beaker with its flared rim is attached to the horned-lion protome by five rivets. The lion's forelegs, horns, ears, forehead ornament and spout are soldered to the animal's body. A tube, now missing and probably loose inside the protome, originally connected the beaker to the spout between the legs. IP 1. Dalton 1964, pp. 42-45, no. 179; see also nos. 180-86. 2. See Ghirshman 1964, figs. 265, 268, 286. 3. See Ghirshman 1964, figs. 191, 193; Harper et al. 1992, pp. 230-31 no. 168. 4. Ghirshman 1964, fig. 290. 5. Ghirshman 1964, fig. 306. 6. Muscarella 1974, no. 155. This vessel was formerly in the Norbert Schimmel collection. 7. For a further investigation of this subject see Tanabe 1985. 8. Ghirshman 1964, figs, 250-53. Posté par : Alain Truong à 23:40 - Archéologie & Antiquiities - Commentaires [0] - Permalien [#] Tags : 5th-4th century B.C.E., Achaemenid, Rhyton with Horned Lion Protome, silver http://www.alaintruong.com/archives/2017/08/26/35621909.html http://www.alaintruong.com/archives/2017/08/26/35621909.html Description Hamadan, Achaemenid rhyton Date ca. 550 BCE–ca. 330 BCE Creator Jona Lendering Museum Tehran, National Museum Licence CC0 1.0 Universal Linked Ecbatana (Hamadan), Rhyton Categories Persia Tags Pottery https://www.livius.org/pictures/iran/hamadan-ecbatana/hamadan-achaemenid-rhyton/ Important Achaemenid Silver Rhyton - Mythical Beast - Jul 14, 2016 | Artemis Gallery in CO https://www.pinterest.com/pin/380132024782277735/ Description Erebuni, Achaemenid Rhyton Date ca. 550 BCE–ca. 330 BCE Creator Jona Lendering Museum Yerevan, Museum of Erebuni Licence CC0 1.0 Universal Linked Achaemenids, Erebuni, Orontes II of Armenia, Rhyton Categories Armenia, Persia Tags Pottery https://www.livius.org/pictures/armenia/yerevan/erebuni-achaemenid-rhyton/
2018 •
Some fifty years ago the largest Persian-period hoard ever recorded in Palestine was found in the region of Samaria. This hoard, which allegedly contained 965 coins and numerous pieces of jewellery, was documented in the Inventory of Greek CoinHoards (1504) as: Nablus (anc. Neapolis) region, Samaria, 1968. A. Spaer with the help of S. Hurter, acting on behalf of Bank Leu, purchased large parts of the hoard and prepared documentary cards of the coins Spaer kept in his collection (308 issues and all 92 pieces of jewellery), as well as other coins from the hoard which were acquired by six institutions or sold in the antiquities market. The 293 Phoenician coins belonging to this hoard have been mentioned in Elayi and Elayi’s 1993 publication of hoards and their 2004 and 2009 corpora of Sidonian and Tyrian coinages. This study presents a fully illustrated, updated and corrected catalogue of this entire group, as well as a concordance of this material, which had appeared in Elayi and Elayi’s earlier publications.
American Journal of Archaeology
"A Ptolemaic Hoard from Patara," American Journal of Archaeology 126.2, 2022, 201-2172022 •
The recent excavations in Patara, Turkey, one of the important port cities of the Lycian region, enabled access to new important data about the Ptolemaic presence in the city and the region. The subject of this study is 19 gold trichrysons found in a bundle formed by two lead plates wrapped together. Fifteen of these coins were struck in Alexandria, and four others were from Cyprus, probably Salamis or Kition. It is the first Ptolemaic hoard found in an archaeological excavation in the Lycian region. It comes from the Tepecik settlement in Patara, which served as a garrison for Ptolemaic soldiers. The hoard in all likelihood belonged to a military officer or commander. We propose that it was buried during the First Syrian War, before ca. 272/1 BCE.
Revue belge de Numismatique, 166, 2020, p. 514-516
FR. DE CALLATAŸ, Review of V. D. KUZNETSOV and M. G. ABRAMZON, A hoard of Late Archaic coins from Phanagoreia, ФАНАГОРИЯ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ (Results of Archaeological Research at Phanagoreia), 8, Moscow, 20202020 •
This paper discusses a previously unknown coin and its ramifications on the dating of hoard 13 at Dura-Europos. The coin is attributed and the hoard re-dated.
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